fsLA-ICP-MS Analysis of Siliceous Stone Arrowheads at Shimao Site
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摘要:
石峁遗址是龙山晚期我国北方目前发掘规模最大的城址，它对于探索中华文明的早期发展意义重大[1]，该遗址出土了一批以石英质材料为主的镞类制品。作为史前投射类工具的重要组成部分，箭镞与古人类的狩猎、采集活动甚至战争行为息息相关，其使用数量在新石器时代我国北方地区一度达到高峰[2]。因此，石峁遗址出土的硅质石镞可以作为反映古代人类对资源的认知和利用情况，以及了解古代社会生业模式和文明间交流冲突关系的关键窗口。当前，国内对于史前箭镞的研究涉及时空分布、材质种类、功能用途、形制工艺等方面[3-4]，但围绕其用料来源，即先民获取用于制作石镞的原料范围的相关探究和讨论较少[5]。由于石英的微量元素地球化学特征能在解释矿物形成条件、揭示矿物物源和重建矿床成因机制等方面提供指示性信息[6]，近年来，国外学者在开展史前石英质器物的溯源工作时大多进行了该方面研究[7-8]，且主要使用的是LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱)技术。然而，石英是电介质矿物，对低强度纳秒激光的能量吸收很差，加之其微量元素含量极低，这就使得传统纳秒激光LA-ICP-MS对较纯石英材料微量元素的分析往往不容易获得很好的测试效果，而飞秒激光场强极高，对电介质矿物的剥蚀更具确定性，被认为是进行石英等透明矿物精细微量元素测试新的技术手段[9-10]。
本研究尝试利用中国科学院广州地球化学研究所飞秒激光-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析系统(fsLA-ICP-MS)对16件石峁遗址出土的硅质石镞及7件采集自遗址附近的石英质原料的微量元素进行测试分析。实验结果显示，石英质原料的微量元素含量总体偏低，硅质石镞的微量元素含量则相对较高，不同石镞间的数据也存在一定差异。通过硅质石镞和遗址附近采集的石英质原料的Al-Na、Al-K、Al-Mg、Al-Ti等代表性微量元素之间的二元散点图可以大致判断，其中少部分硅质石镞的微量元素数据均落在石英质原料的微量元素数据范围之内，重叠度高，但另有一部分硅质石镞的数据和石英质原料的数据之间差距较大。这初步表明，石峁先民使用的箭镞既存在就近取材，也存在异地制作的现象，但更细致的产地来源信息仍需要进一步结合其他方法检测确认。
Abstract:Provenance studies of the siliceous stone arrowheads at Shimao site are crucial to further investigations concerning prehistoric resource management strategies and intercultural exchange. There have been no attempts to geochemically characterize the origin of siliceous stone arrowheads in prehistoric times using the femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (fsLA-ICP-MS) technique that can detect trace elements of quartz more accurately and precisely than traditional nanosecond LA-ICP-MS can. In this study, 16 pieces of siliceous stone arrowheads at Shimao site and 7 pieces of quartzose raw materials collected near the site were studied using the fsLA-ICP-MS at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The test results show that the sources of arrowheads used by Shimao habitants are both local and foreign, but more detailed information needs further study combined with other methods.
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Keywords:
- Shimao site /
- arrowhead /
- fsLA-ICP-MS /
- quartz /
- trace element /
- provenance
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图 1 石峁遗址石英质原料与硅质石镞的微量元素Al-Na和Al-K之间的二元散点图Figure 1. Bivariate scatterplot of aluminum (Al), sodiam (Na), and potassium (K) ppm concentrations for archaeological and geological samples at Shimao site -
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