从“珐琅”到“景泰蓝”名称的历史成因探析

A Historical Cause of the Naming Evolution from "Cloisonne" to "Jingtailan"

  • 摘要: 中国的铜胎掐丝珐琅工艺肇始于元蒙时期,自晚清时期称为景泰蓝工艺,其命名锚定于明代景泰帝王年号,并非传统工艺认知和断代的自然产物。针对这一现象,本研究通过考据其语言转喻、技术历史、社会与文化实践,论证了“景泰蓝”称谓形成背后的多重动因与复杂互动。结果显示,“珐琅”至“景泰蓝”的术语转换是技术性名词向文化性符号转变的价值重塑,“景泰蓝”之名的最终确立与广泛流传,是三大历史脉络在中国特定的时空节点上汇聚、交织与共生的产物。景泰时期虽非该工艺的创始期或技术巅峰,但其通过对前朝旧器的“改制”与技术承袭,为该名称提供了关键的物质依托与历史线索。晚明时期,商品经济勃兴与士绅阶层的消费文化,将“景泰珐琅”推上古董市场的神坛,通过市场选择与舆论催化,完成了其社会身份建构。清代,皇权从官方层面对其开展的仿制与“经典化”推广,完成了对“景泰蓝”的最终文化赋权与政治塑造。因此,景泰蓝之名的定型,是技术史、社会史与政治史合力作用的结果,是明代、清代至民国多重权力中心对该工艺进行选择性意义重构的符号化呈现,深刻折射出物质文化史中技术、社会与政治互动的复杂图景。

     

    Abstract: China's copper-based cloisonne enamel craft traces its origin back to the Yuan-Mongol period. It became widely referred to as "Jingtailan" craft in the late Qing Dynasty, a designation anchored to the reign title of Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty of China. The naming of this craft was not a natural outcome of the traditional craft's recognition or chronological classification. Addressing this phenomenon, this study examined the linguistic metaphor, technological history, and social-cultural practices to demonstrate the multifaceted motivations and complex interactions behind the formation of the term "Jingtailan". The findings revealed that the shift from "cloisonne enamel" to "Jingtailan" represents a value transformation from a technical term to a cultural symbol. The ultimate establishment and widespread adoption of the name "Jingtailan" emerged as the convergence, interweaving, and symbiosis of three major historical threads at a specific spatio-temporal juncture in China. Although the Jingtai period neither marked the origin nor the technical zenith of the craft, its reworking of antique vessels from previous dynasties and its technical inheritance provided crucial material foundations and historical threads for the name. In the late Ming period, the burgeoning commodity economy and the consumption culture of the gentry class elevated "Jingtai enamel" to sacred status in the antique market, and through market selection and public discourse catalysis, it completed its social identity construction. Finally, the Qing imperial court's official emulation and canonization campaign conferred its ultimate cultural empowerment and political shaping. Thus, the crystallization of the name "Jingtailan" emerged from the converging forces of technological, social, and political histories. It stands as a symbolic manifestation of the selective reinterpretation of this craft by multiple centers of power—from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China—deeply reflecting the intricate interplay of technology, society, and politics within material cultural history.

     

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