Classification and Microscopic Characteristic of "Jinmai" Agate from Heishan, Xinjiang
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摘要: 筋脉玛瑙作为石英质玉石中一个尤为特殊的品种，深受消费者喜爱。近年来自新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区巴楚县黑山附近产出的筋脉玛瑙以其鲜艳丰富的颜色、奇峻多样的形态，成为最受欢迎的筋脉玛瑙品种之一。对150余件新疆黑山筋脉玛瑙样品进行常规宝石学测试并分类研究，使用偏光显微镜观察其结构特征，分析了“筋脉”以及其它特殊表面结构的微观结构成因。结果显示，黑山筋脉玛瑙根据颜色色系分为：灰绿-墨绿色系、橙红-深红色系、橙黄-土黄色系、乳白-乳黄色系、黑灰色系五类；按照表面结构特征分为：细筋脉、粗筋脉、内筋脉、外筋脉和纯筋脉和“鱼籽”，分类依据涵盖“筋脉”的粗细和分布密集程度、“筋脉”在玛瑙整体的位置以及部分特殊结构如环形突起和球粒状突起。显微结构特征显示，黑山筋脉玛瑙的主要为隐晶质结构、隐晶质纤维结构，其中“筋脉”和“鱼籽”的外部结构特征对应其内部的隐晶质纤维结构(平行纤维结构、纤维放射结构)；而基体(“肉”质)部分基本由隐晶质结构组成。结合拉曼光谱测试可知，黑山筋脉玛瑙的主要矿物成分为α-石英，次要矿物为斜硅石，部分样品中的红色球粒状杂质矿物为赤铁矿。Abstract: As a special variety of quartz jade, "Jinmai" agate, that has tendon patterns on the surface, is deeply loved by consumers. In recent years, the "Jinmai" agate produced near Heishan, Bachu County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, has become one of the most popular varieties of "Jinmai" agate due to its varied colours and various shapes.More than 150 samples of "Jinmai" agate from Heishan, Xinjiang, were studied and classified by conventional gemmological tests, and its structural characteristics were observed by a polarized light microscope, and the microstructure causes of tendon-pattern on the surface and other special surface structures were analyzed. The results show that the colour of "Jinmai" agate from Heishan, mainly includes five categories: gray-green to dark green series, orange-red to dark red series, orange-yellow to khaki series, milky-yellow to yellow series, and black to gray series. There are "tendons", thick "tendons", internal "tendons", external "tendons", pure "tendons" and "fish roe" structures, and the classification is based on the thickness and distribution density of the "tendons", the position of the "tendons" in the agate, and some special structures, such as annular protrusions and globular protrusions. The microstructural features of "Jinmai" agate from Heishan, Xinjiang are mainly cryptocrystalline structure and cryptocrystalline fiber structure, among which the external structural features of "tendons-pattern" and "fish roe" correspond to the internal cryptocrystalline fiber structure: fiber parallel structure and fibrous radiating structure; while the matrix (the "flesh" substance without special structural features) is partly composed of a cryptocrystalline structure.Raman spectra showed that the main mineral component of "Jinmai" agate from Heishan, Xinjiang is α-quartz, the secondary mineral is moganite and the red globular impurity mineral in some samples is hematite.
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图 2 新疆黑山筋脉玛瑙颜色特征
Figure 2. Colour characteristics of "Jinmai" agates from Heishan, Xinjiang
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图 9 隐晶质结构宏观特征与显微特征
Figure 9. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of cryptocrystalline structure
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图 10 隐晶质平行纤维结构宏观特征与显微特征
Figure 10. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of cryptocrystalline fiber parallel structure
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图 11 隐晶质纤维放射结构宏观特征与显微特征
Figure 11. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of cryptocrystalline fiber radiating structure
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图 12 I组样品的宏观特征与显微特征
Figure 12. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of group I samples
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图 13 新疆黑山筋脉玛瑙的拉曼光谱: (a)外筋脉；(b)“鱼籽”
Figure 13. Raman spectra of "Jinmai" agates from Heishan, Xinjiang: (a)external tendons; (b)"fish roe"
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图 14 新疆黑山筋脉玛瑙中红色杂质矿物的拉曼光谱
Figure 14. Raman spectrum of red impurity minerals in "Jinmai" agate from Heishan, Xinjiang
表 1 新疆黑山筋脉玛瑙样品的外观特征
Table 1 Appearance characteristics of "Jinmai" agate samples from Heishan, Xinjiang
样本组号 外观特征 A组 多色有筋-墨绿色系：样品内部呈红色，有墨绿色外皮包裹，外皮透明度较低，可见明显的“筋脉”特征 B组 多色有筋-灰绿色系：样品内部呈橘红色，表皮呈半透明状，可见明显的“筋脉”特征 C组 有皮-多色系：样品内部呈橘红色，外皮无色透明 D组 “鱼籽”-多色系：样品内部呈黄色，表皮微带绿色，整体呈黄褐色 E组 “鱼籽”-灰绿色系：整体呈灰绿色，表面“鱼籽”特征明显 F组 “内筋”-灰绿-黄色系：整体颜色呈黄绿-墨绿色，可见明显的“内筋”即筋脉内有高透明度的线 G组 “鱼籽”-土黄-褐绿色系：整体颜色为土黄-褐绿色，褐绿色系具明显的“鱼籽”状外观，土黄色系透明度较高 H组 “鱼籽”-褐黄-褐红色系：整体呈褐红色，可见明显的“鱼籽”状外观 I组 带皮有筋、“鱼籽”-橙红色系：整体呈橙红色，大部分表层呈“鱼籽”状外观，少部分可见透明“筋脉”外皮 J组 “鱼籽”、“内筋”-灰褐色系：组内样品大部分为灰褐色，外观特征同时含有“鱼籽”和“内筋” 
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