湖北沙洋新村东周墓地出土玉器材质特征及产地溯源初探

Material Characteristic and Origin Determination of Jade Unearthed from Xincun Cemetery Dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Shayang, Hubei Province

  • 摘要: 湖北沙洋新村墓地2020年出土了一批具有明显楚式风格的战国中晚期玉器,包括玉璜、玉环、玉瑬、玉佩、玉管、玉珠等。本文结合X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、红外光谱(IR)和激光拉曼光谱(Raman)等无损-近无损测试方法,对36件(套)出土玉器的材质特征展开化学成分和振动光谱分析,并对其来源进行初步探讨。结果表明,新村墓地出土的36件(套)玉器中有4件软玉、19件(套)云母玉、3件玛瑙、2件骨质材料和8件(套)玻璃。其中1件青白玉环“海鸥状”的稀土元素配分曲线、较低的稀土总量以及Eu负异常、Ce轻微负异常反映玉料可能源于新疆、青海或甘肃,含大量星点状石墨次要矿物的软玉可能产自新疆、青海或辽宁。玉器材料中云母玉比例约55%,造型多样,尺寸普遍较大,但多质地不佳、工艺粗糙,Si含量偏高,K含量略偏低,玉料内部残留溶蚀状云母斑晶,推测应为一种交代成因的湖北本地原料。蜻蜓眼式珠有铅钡玻璃和钠钙玻璃两种类型,前者以高Pb(8.12%~14.77%)、Ba(14.49%~20.08%)、Cu(4.51%~7.56%)为特征,为湖北本地制作;后者以高Na(Na2O:10.9%~11.9%)、Ca(CaO:5.84%~6.25%)、Sb(1.75%~2.28%)为特征,系西方传入。新村墓地的软玉璜出自下大夫墓M1,云母质玉器、玛瑙器、玻璃器均出自夫人墓M2,这些传统意义上非“真玉”材料的使用反映了墓主人囿于财力、地位而选择以石代玉进行随葬的用玉观。

     

    Abstract: A batch of jade artifacts with obvious Chu style dated from mid to late Warring States period were unearthed in 2020 from Xincun cemetery in Shayang, Hubei Province. These artifacts include jade "Huang", jade rings, jade "Liu", jade pendants, jade tubes, jade beads, etc. By combining non-destructive and near-non-destructive testing methods including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman), the chemical composition and vibration spectrum analysis of 36 unearthed jade pieces (sets) were conducted, and their origins were preliminarily explored. The results show that among the 36 pieces (sets) of jade unearthed from the Xincun cemetery, there are 4 pieces of nephrites, 19 pieces (sets) of mica jades, 3 pieces of agates, 2 pieces of bone material, and 8 pieces (sets) of glass. The rare earth element distribution curve, lower total rare earth content, Eu negative anomaly, and slight Ce negative anomaly of a blue white jade ring sample reflect that this jade may have originated from Xinjiang, Qinghai, or Gansu, and nephrite samples containing a large amount of star-shaped graphite secondary minerals may have originated from Xinjiang, Qinghai, or Liaoning. The proportion of mica jade in jade materials is about 55%, with various shapes and generally larger sizes. However, most of them have poor texture, rough craftsmanship, with high Si content, and slightly lower K content. There are residual dissolution like mica phenocrysts inside the jade material, suggesting that it should be a local raw material of metasomatic origin in Hubei. There are two types of dragonfly eye beads: lead barium glass and sodium calcium glass. The former is characterized by high Pb (8.12%-14.77%), Ba (14.49%-20.08%), and Cu (4.51%-7.56%), which are locally produced in Hubei; The latter is characterized by high Na (Na2O: 10.9%-11.9%), Ca (CaO: 5.84%-6.25%), and Sb (1.75%-2.28%), which were introduced from the West. The nephrite jade "Huang" unearthed from the Xincun cemetery comes from the tomb M1 of the lower officials, and the mica jade, agate, and glass ware all come from the tomb M2 of the madam. The use of these traditional non "real jade" materials reflects the tomb owner's view of using other stones instead of jade for burial due to financial constraints and status.

     

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