Mineralogical Characteristic and Geographic Origin Tracing of Turquoise from Tianhudong Site, Xinjiang
-
摘要:
新疆天湖东遗址是目前西北地区发现的年代最早的绿松石采矿遗址，它的发现为研究我国西北地区古代绿松石来源提供了直接的考古学证据。开展天湖东绿松石矿物学特征研究，可为判断该遗址出产绿松石的产源特点和流布提供基础科学数据。鉴于此，采用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、电子探针、拉曼光谱等测试方法开展绿松石样品的表面微形貌、矿物组成、化学成分、拉曼光谱等矿物学和谱学特征的研究。结果表明，新疆天湖东绿松石样品多呈微晶鳞片状及微晶纤维状结构，主要以长柱状、针状、板状相互交织结晶生长，杂质可见石英与黑云母，且出产少见的磷灰石。天湖东绿松石与黑山岭绿松石的拉曼光谱测试结果无明显区别，但电子探针检测的主量化学成分结果显示，天湖东绿松石的Al2O3、P2O5的含量均低于标准值，而黑山岭绿松石却均高于标准值，二者在此存在明显差异。
Abstract:Tianhudong site is the earliest turquoise mining site found in northwest China, which provides direct archaeological evidence for the study of the source of ancient turquoise in northwest China. Studying the mineralogical characteristics of turquoise in Tianhudong can provide basic scientific data for judging the origin characteristics and distribution of turquise produced at this site. In this paper, turquoises samples from mining site were tested by polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), electron microprob (EMPA) and Raman sepctroscopy to obtain their mineralogical and spectral characteristics.The chemical compositions of turquoise from Tianhudong are characterized by rich Fe. The SEM results show that the turquoise crystals are mainly in columnar, needle and plate shape.And none of which are very different from turquoise from Heishanling, Xinjiang. The polarizing microscope observation shows that the turquoises from Tianhudong mostly show microcrystalline scale and microcrystal fiber structures.The impurity minerals are characterized by quartz and biotite.Compared with turquoise impurities from different origin and producing area, the turquoise impurities show that the turquoise from Tianhudong are of weathering-leaching characteristics.There is no significant difference between the results of Raman spectra and that of turquoise from Heshanling, The only slight differences may be related to the differences in crystallinity, ion displacement, inclusions, impurity minerals and weathering of the two samples.At the same time through Raman spectra, Tianhudong turquoise is also accompanied with apatite minerals rarely seen in other turquoise mines. This characteristic is unique to turquoise from Tianhudong, and is one of the evidences for distinguishing the origin of turquoise in the future.The electron microprobe analysis indicates that the chemical compositions of turquoise from Tianhudong deviate from theoretical value. The contents of Al2O3 and P2O5in turquoise from Tianhudong are lower than the standard value, while the turquoise from Heishanling is higher, and there are obvious differences between them.
-
Keywords:
- Tianhudong mining site /
- turquoise /
- mineralogical charateristic /
- XRD /
- geographic origin /
- Tianhoudong /
- Xinjiang
-
![]()
图 1 危地马拉绿色翡翠(“玛雅绿”)代表性样品Figure 1. Representative Feicui samples from Guatemala ("Maya green")![]()
图 2 代表性翡翠样品的红外反射光谱Figure 2. Infrared reflection spectra of representative green Feicui samples -
![]()
图 1 新疆天湖东绿松石采矿遗址的地理位置图(来自2023 Mapbox)
Figure 1. Geographical location of Tianhudong turquoise mining site, Xinjiang (From 2023 Mapbox)
![]()
图 2 新疆天湖东遗址绿松石矿脉及古代采矿坑遗迹
Figure 2. Turquoise lode and ancient mining pit in Tianhudong site, Xinjiang
![]()
图 4 新疆天湖东绿松石采矿遗址测试样品
Figure 4. Turquoise samples from Tianhudong mining site in Xinjiang
![]()
图 5 新疆天湖东绿松石样品的X射线粉末衍射图
Figure 5. XRD patterns of turquoise samples from Tianhudong, Xinjiang
![]()
图 6 新疆天湖东绿松石的显微结构特征
(a)样品TH-3的单偏光；(b-c)样品TH-8的单偏光；(d)样品TH-3的正交偏光；(e-f)样品TH-8正交偏光
Tur: 绿松石；Qtz: 石英；Bt: 黑云母Figure 6. Structure characteristics of turquoise samples from Tianhudong, Xinjiang
![]()
图 7 新疆天湖东绿松石样品的扫描电子显微镜
(a)样品TH-10；(b)样品TH-8；(c-d)样品TH-3；(e-f)样品TH-7；(g-h)样品TH-9
Figure 7. SEM images of turquoise samples from Tianhudong, Xinjiang
![]()
图 8 新疆天湖东绿松石样品的拉曼光谱
Figure 8. Raman spectra of turquoise samples from Tianhudong, Xinjiang
表 1 新疆天湖东绿松石样品的EPMA分析
Table 1 EPMA analysis of turquoise samples from Tianhudong, Xinjiang
wB/% TH-1 TH-2 TH-3 TH-4 TH-5 TH-6 TH-7 TH-8 TH-9 TH-10 TH-11 TH-13 K2O 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.17 0.06 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.05 CaO 0.24 2.69 1.68 3.01 0.41 5.96 0.09 1.35 0.66 0.43 0.13 3.87 BaO 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.01 Na2O 0.38 3.44 0.56 1.48 0.67 0.32 0.21 0.83 0.16 0.58 0.08 0.36 MgO 0.02 0.39 0.63 0.14 0.05 0.06 - 0.17 0.06 0.09 0.01 0.03 Al2O3 33.28 31.45 33.31 29.20 34.52 30.57 34.23 32.96 33.55 36.68 36.13 33.02 SiO2 0.31 0.72 1.31 0.18 0.44 0.59 0.14 1.42 0.11 0.69 0.08 2.02 FeO 3.01 1.73 4.22 5.95 2.02 2.80 3.00 2.71 5.49 1.10 1.37 0.97 CuO 7.38 6.81 7.36 6.49 7.25 6.04 7.06 7.41 7.50 7.60 8.03 5.01 ZnO 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.14 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.12 0.23 V2O3 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08 Cr2O3 0.15 0.25 0.16 0.15 0.28 0.23 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.26 P2O3 33.33 29.82 33.15 30.23 33.33 31.02 34.19 32.88 34.86 34.43 34.49 28.19 Total 78.73 83.49 83.16 83.58 79.67 79.10 79.76 80.80 83.94 82.67 81.41 75.38 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同产地绿松石样品的EPMA分析
Table 2 Comparison of EPMA analysis of turquoise from different mines
wB/% Al2O3 P2O5 CuO FeO K2O CaO SiO2 ZnO MgO BaO Total 黑山岭[13] 平均 37.82 37.61 7.62 3.96 0.07 0.52 1.27 0.60 0.01 0.09 89.95 标准差 1.82 2.38 0.77 1.18 0.03 0.54 1.80 0.30 0.01 0.04 1.73 变异系数 4.81 6.33 10.10 29.80 42.86 103.85 141.73 50.00 100.00 44.44 1.92 天湖东 平均 33.24 32.49 7.00 2.86 0.10 1.69 0.67 0.18 0.14 0.07 80.97 标准差 2.13 2.16 0.82 1.63 0.04 1.84 0/61 0.06 0.19 0.04 2.57 变异系数 7.00 6.64 11.69 56.90 38.91 109.01 92.06 30.83 133.57 63.14 3.18
下载: 导出CSV
矿床类型 产地 杂质矿物组合 碳硅质板岩、硅质岩、页岩沉积变质岩 湖北竹山 褐铁矿、高岭石、石英、重晶石、滑石、蓝铜矿和孔雀石 湖北郧县 石英、褐铁矿、水铝英石、明矾、方解石、蓝铜矿、孔雀石和多水高岭石等 陕西安康 石英、黄钾铁矾、埃洛石、蒙脱石 陕西洛南 石英，玉髓、褐铁矿、伊利石、高岭石 陕西白河 玉髓、褐铁矿、多水高岭石 河南淅川 石英、玉髓、褐铁矿、硫磷铝锶矿 新疆黑山岭 石英、褐铁矿、方解石、绢云母 新疆天湖东 石英、黑云母、磷灰石 中酸性火山岩型 安徽殿鞍山 高岭石、绿泥石 安徽马鞍山 高岭土、石英
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 河南省文物研究所. 舞阳贾湖[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999: 396-401. Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Jiahu site in Wuyang[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1999: 396-401. (in Chinese)
[2] 先怡衡. 陕西洛南辣子崖采矿遗址及周边绿松石产源特征研究[D]. 北京: 北京科技大学, 2016. Xian Y H. The studies on the geographical origin characteristics of turquoise from the Laziya mine sites in Luonan, Shannxi Province and the surrounding mine areas[D]. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2019. (in Chinese)
[3] 先怡衡, 樊静怡, 李欣桐, 等. 陕西洛南绿松石的锶同位素特征及其产地意义——兼论二里头出土绿松石的产源[J]. 西北地质, 2018, 51(2): 108-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2018.02.015 Xian Y H, Fan J Y, Li X T, et al. Research on the source characteristics of Luonan turquoise by using strontium isotopic method[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2018, 51(2): 108-115. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2018.02.015
[4] 李延祥, 赵绚, 贾淇, 等. 甘肃齐家坪遗址和磨沟遗址出土绿松石产源探索[J]. 广西民族大学学报: 自然科学版, 2021, 27(3): 1-3. Li Y X, Zhao X, Jia Q, et al. Provenance of turquoise unearthed at Qijiaping site and Mogou site in Gansu[J]. Journal of Guangxi Minzu University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 27(3): 1-3. (in Chinese)
[5] 刘玲, 杨明星, 狄敬如, 等. 湖北黄陂盘龙城遗址出土绿松石产源研究[J]. 江汉考古, 2022(4): 104-114. (in Chinese) Liu L, Yang M X, Di J R, et al. Provenance study on turquoise unearthed from the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi of Hubei[J]. Jianghan Archaeology, 2022(4): 104-114. (in Chinese)
[6] 孔德安. 浅谈我国新石器时代绿松石及制作工艺[J]. 考古, 2002(5): 74-80. Kong D A. On turquoise objects in neolithic China and their making techniques[J]. Archaeology, 2002(5): 74-80. (in Chinese)
[7] 庞小霞. 中国出土新石器时代绿松石研究[J]. 考古学报, 2014(2): 139-168. Pang X X. The researches on the turquoise objects of the Neolithic Age unearthed in China[J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2014(2): 139-168. (in Chinese)
[8] 干福熹. 玻璃和玉石之路——兼论先秦前硅酸盐质文物的中、外文化和技术交流[J]. 广西民族大学学报: 自然科学版, 2009, 15(4): 6-17. Gan F X. The glass and jade road—The cultural and teahnical exchange of silicate based artifacts with outside Chian before Pre-Qin period[J]. Journal of Guangxi Minzu University(Natural Science Edition), 2009, 15(4): 6-17. (in Chinese)
[9] 徐良高, 赵春燕. "绿松石之路"的价值及其探索的可行性讨论[J]. 三代考古, 2011(00): 497-502. Xu L G, Zhao C Y. Discussion on the value and exploration possibility of the Turquoise Road[J]. Three Dynastic Archaeology, 2011(00): 497-502. (in Chinese)
[10] 李延祥, 谭宇辰, 于建军, 等. 新疆哈密天湖东绿松石采矿遗址调查简报[J]. 西部考古, 2022(1): 45-55. Li Y X, Tan Y C, Yu J J, et al. Brief report of turquoise mining site at Tianhudong in Hami, Xinjiang[J]. Western Archaeological, 2022(1): 45-55. (in Chinese)
[11] 李胜荣. 结晶学与矿物学[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2008: 279. Li S R. Crystallography and mineralogy[M]. Beijing: Geology Press, 2008: 279. (in Chinese)
[12] 栾丽君, 韩照信, 王朝友, 等. 绿松石呈色机理初探[J]. 西北地质, 2004, 37(3): 77-82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2004.03.013 Luan L J, Han Z X, Wang C Y, et al. Elementary research on color-forming mechanism of turquoise[J]. Northwestern Geology, 2004, 37(3): 77-82. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6248.2004.03.013
[13] 李欣桐. 黑山岭矿业遗址出产绿松石矿料的产地特征及其流布探究[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2019: 23-40. Li X T. The studies on the geographical origin characteristics and whereabouts of turquoises from the Heishanling mine site[D]. Xi'an: Northwest University, 2019: 23-40. (in Chinese)
[14] 罗泽敏, 沈锡田, 朱勤文, 等. 绿松石结构的致密性对其颜色量化研究的影响[J]. 宝石和宝石学杂志(中英文), 2016, 18(2): 1-8. Luo Z M, Shen A H, Zhu Q W, et al. How structure compactness impacts the quantitative colour research of turquoise[J]. Journal of Gems & Gemmology, 2016, 18(2): 1-8. (in Chinese)
[15] 罗斌, 喻云峰, 廖佳, 等. 珠宝玉石无损检测光谱库及解析[M]. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社, 2019. Luo B, Yu Y F, Liao J, et al. Nondestructive testing spectral library and analysis for jewelry and jade[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 2019. (in Chinese)
[16] 李哲晨. 安徽马鞍山绿松石的矿物学特征及谱学表征[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学, 2019: 57. Li Z C. Mineralogical characteristics and spectral characterization of turquise from Ma'anshan, Anhui Province[D]Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 2019: 57. (in Chinese)
[17] 佘玲珠, 秦颖, 冯敏, 等. 绿松石显微拉曼光谱及产地意义初步分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2008, 28(9): 2 107-2 110. She L Z, Qin Y, Feng M, et al. A primary Raman microscopic study of the turquoise and its role in provenance-tracking[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2008, 28(9): 2 107-2 110. (in Chinese)
[18] 李欣桐, 先怡衡, 樊静怡, 等. 应用扫描电镜-X射线衍射-电子探针技术研究河南淅川绿松石矿物学特征[J]. 岩矿测试, 2019, 38(4): 373-381. Li X T, Xian Y H, Fan J Y, et al. Application of EMPA-XRD-SEM to study the mineralogical characteristics of turquoise from Xichuan, Henan Province[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2019, 38(4): 373-381. (in Chinese)
[19] 付保国, 候青亚. 绿松石的矿物学特征及成矿地质条件[J]. 华北国土资源, 2017(5): 33-34. Fu B G, Hou Y Q. Study on mineralogical characterisyics and metallogenic geological conditions of turquoise[J]. Huabei Natural Resources, 2017(5): 33-34. (in Chinese)
[20] 赵新科, 李金良, 刘亚莉, 等. 安康市白河绿松石矿资源概况及成因浅析[J]. 陕西地质, 2017, 35(2): 46-51. Zhao X K, Li J L, Liu Y L, et al. Resources and genesis of turquoise mineral in Baihe of Ankang city[J]. Geology of Shaanxi, 2017, 35(2): 46-51. (in Chinese)
[21] 周彦, 亓利剑, 戴慧, 等. 安徽殿庵山绿松石的宝石学特征研究[J]. 宝石和宝石学杂志(中英文), 2013, 15(4): 37-45. Zhou Y, Qi L J, Dai H, et al. Study on gemmological characteristics of turquoise from Dian'anshan, Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Gems & Gemmology, 2013, 15(4): 37-45. (in Chinese)
[22] 陈文君, 施光海, 王妍, 等. 湖北与安徽产高品质绿松石的红外与拉曼光谱特征及意义[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2018, 38(4): 1 059-1 065. Chen W J, Shi G H, Wang Y, et al. Infrared and Raman spectra of high-quality turquoises from Hubei and Anhui, China: Characteristics and significance[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018, 38(4): 1 059-1 065. (in Chinese)
[23] 何煦, 陈林, 李青会, 等. 竹山和马鞍山绿松石微量元素和稀土元素特征[J]. 岩矿测试, 2011, 30(6): 709-713. He X, Chen L, Li Q H, et al. Trace elements and rare earth elements characteristics of turquoise from Zhushan and Ma'anshan area[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2011, 30(6): 709-713. (in Chinese)
[24] 先怡衡, 李延祥, 杨岐黄. 便携式X荧光光谱结合主成分分析鉴别不同产地的绿松石[J]. 考古与文物, 2016(3): 112-119. Xian Y H, Li Y X, Yang Q H. Principal component and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses of the provenance of turquoise mines[J]. Archaeology and Cultural Relics, 2016(3): 112-119. (in Chinese)
[25] 先怡衡, 李延祥, 谭宇辰, 等. 初步运用LA-ICP-AES区分不同产地的绿松石[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2016, 36(10): 3 313-3 319. Xian Y H, Li Y X, Tan Y C, et al. Application of LA -ICP- AES to distinguish the different turquoise mines[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2016, 36(10): 3 313-3 319. (in Chinese)
[26] 赵虹霞, 伏修锋, 干福熹, 等. 不同产地绿松石无损检测及岩相结构特征研究[J]. 岩矿测试, 2007, 26(2): 141-144. Zhao H X, Fu X F, Gan F X, et al. Study on mineralogical characteristics of turquoise samples from different provenances by non-destructive analysis[J]. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 2007, 26(2): 141-144. (in Chinese)
[27] 周世全, 江富建. 河南淅川的绿松石研究[J]. 南阳师范学院学报, 2005, 4(3): 63-65. Zhou S Q, Jiang F J. The research of the turquoise in Xichuan of Henan[J]. Journal of Nanyang Teachers' College, 2005, 4(3): 63-65. (in Chinese)
[28] 罗远飞, 余晓艳, 周越刚, 等. 陕西洛南绿松石的结构构造特征研究[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2017, 36(1): 115-123. Luo Y F, Yu X Y, Zhou Y G, et al. A study of texture and structure of turquoise from Luonan, Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 2017, 36(1): 115-123. (in Chinese)
[29] 李亚光. 不同产地的绿松石特征浅析[J]. 文物鉴定与鉴赏, 2017(6): 82-83. Li Y G. The study on characteristics of turquoise from different resources[J]. Identification and Appreciation to Cultural Relics, 2017(6): 82-83. (in Chinese)
计量
- 文章访问数: 133
- HTML全文浏览量: 99
- PDF下载量: 58
