Study on Colour Characteristics and Quantitative Classification of Nanhong Agate Based on HSB Colour Space
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摘要: 近些年，南红玛瑙在珠宝市场上，价格不断上升。颜色作为影响南红玛瑙质量评价的最主要因素，南红玛瑙市场价格的高低与其密切相关，但目前国家尚未出台南红玛瑙相关的分级标准。为了使南红玛瑙颜色的评定过程更加客观、科学和规范，开展了南红玛瑙颜色分级的相关研究。利用灯箱和相机获取样品颜色图片，基于HSB颜色空间，对采集到的南红玛瑙颜色图片进行颜色量化。利用Origin和SPSS软件，对所得颜色量化数据的色调、饱和度和明度(HSB)参数进行统计分析。结果表明，在95%置信区间内红色系南红玛瑙的色调(H)主要分布于[3.20°，17.52°] 区间内；饱和度(S)主要分布在[63.82%，92.69%] 区间内；明度(B)主要分布在[42.97%，75.37%] 区间内，统计结果与南红玛瑙颜色的肉眼观察特征一致。结合肉眼观察特征，借助二阶聚类分析，对红色系南红玛瑙的颜色分级进行了尝试：将色调分为红(R)、橙红(oR)、红橙(rO)3个类别；将饱和度分为浓(S1)、中(S2)、浅(S3)3级；将明度分为亮(B1)、中(B2)、暗(B3)3个级别。对于不同颜色品种，在饱和度方面，柿子红、水红、锦红大于其他品种，冰红和玫瑰红为中等，冰粉的为最低；在明度方面，冰橘和水红最高，柿子红、冰红和冰粉中等，锦红和玫瑰红最低。以上述数据分布特征为基础，结合颜色分级结果，对市场中出现的南红玛瑙的不同颜色名称进行科学的区分并给出推荐的HSB数值参考范围。Abstract: In recent years, the price of the Nanhong agate has been rising in jewelry market. As one of the most important factors affecting the quality evaluation of the Nanhong agate, its colour is closely related to the market price. However, the national grading standard of the Nanhong agate has not yet introduced. In order to make the evaluation process of the Nanhong agate colour more objective, scientific and standardized, this paper focuses on the colour characteristics and quantitative classification of the Nanhong agate. The colour images of the samples were obtained by light boxes and cameras. Based on HSB colour space, the colour of the Nanhong agate were standardized and quantified. Origin and SPSS softwares were used to statistically analyze the hue, saturation and brightness (HSB) parameters of the obtained colour data. The results showed that at the 95 % confidence level, the hue (H) of the red Nanhong agate was mainly distributed in a range between[3.20°, 17.52°]. The saturation (S) and brightness (B) were mainly within [63.82%, 92.69%] and [42.97%, 75.37%], respectively. The statistical results were consistent with the visual observed colour characteristics of the Nanhong agate. Combined the characteristics of visual observed colour with the TwoStep cluster analysis, this paper recommends to classify the colour of the red Nanhong agate as follow. The H is divided into three categories, including red (R), orange red (oR), red orange (rO). The S is divided into three levels: S1, S2 and S3. The B is also divided into three levels: B1, B2, and B3. For the saturation (S) in different colour varieties, the "Shizihong""Shuihong" and "Jinhong" (different kinds of red) have greater S than other varieties; the "Binghong" and "Meiguihong" are medium, and the "Bingfen" is the lowest. For brighthess (B), the values of "Bingju" and "Shuihong" are the brightest; the "Shizihong" "Binghong" and "Bingfen" are medium, and the "Jinhong" and "Meiguihong" are the lowest. The colour names of the Nanhong agate in the market are scientifically distinguished and the accurate range of each variety in HSB space is recommended based on the colour distribution characteristics above and the colour grading results.
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Keywords:
- Nanhong agate /
- hue /
- saturation /
- brightness /
- colour quantization /
- statistical analysis /
- Baoshan /
- Liangshan
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致谢: 感谢保山南红文化艺术馆和泉先生和四川省凉山川凉南红珠宝有限责任公司王仁云女士，在两次拍摄南红玛瑙样品期间为我们安排拍摄地点并提供了大量明确产地的南红玛瑙成品。同时对于两地市场中，其他提供南红玛瑙成品的商铺在此一并表示感谢!
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图 1 代表性颜色的南红玛瑙样品
颜色市场名称：(a)柿子红；(b)水红；(c)锦红；(d)冰红；(e)冰粉；(f) 冰橘；(g)樱桃红；(h)玫瑰红；(i)荔枝冻
Figure 1. Nanhong agate samples with representative colours
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图 2 拍摄设备包括灯箱(a)、Canon EOS 600D相机(b)和X-rite标准灰度板(c)
Figure 2. Shooting equipments including light box (a), Canon EOS 600D camera (b) and X-rite standard gray board (c)
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图 3 红色系南红玛瑙颜色数据总体分布特征：(a)色调分布；(b)饱和度分布；(c)明度分布
Figure 3. The overall distribution characteristics of colour data of the red Nanhong agate: (a)distribution of hue; (b)distribution of saturation; (c)distribution of brightness
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图 4 红色系南红玛瑙不同颜色品种在HSB三维空间内的原始分布情况：(a)侧视图；(b)主视图
Figure 4. The original distribution of different colour varieties of the red Nanhong agate in HSB 3D space: (a)Side view; (b)Main view
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图 5 红色系南红玛瑙色调分类代表性样品：(a)红(R)；(b)橙红(oR)；(c)红橙(rO)
Figure 5. Representative samples of the red Nanhong agate hue classification (a)Red (R); (b)orange Red (oR); (c)red Orange (rO)
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图 6 红色系南红玛瑙饱和度分级代表性样品：(a)浅(S3)；(b)中(S2)；(c)浓(S1)
Figure 6. Representative samples of the red Nanhong agate saturation classification: (a)light (S3); (b)medium (S2); (c)thick (S1)
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图 7 红色系南红玛瑙明度分级代表性样品：(a)暗(B3)；(b)中(B2)；(c)亮(B1)
Figure 7. Representative samples of the red Nanhong agate brightness classification: (a)dark (B3); (b)medium (B2); (c)bright (B1)
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图 8 玫瑰红品种的火焰纹及不同区域HSB值：白圈代表玫瑰红主体颜色；黄圈代表火焰纹
Figure 8. Flame pattern of "Meiguihong" variety and HSB values in different regions: White circle is the main colour of "Meiguihong"; Yellow circle is the flame pattern
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图 9 校正后红色系南红玛瑙不同颜色品种在HSB三维空间内的分布情况：(a)侧视图；(b)主视图
Figure 9. The distribution of different colour varieties of the red Nanhong agate after correction in 3D space: (a)side view; (b)main view
表 1 南红玛瑙图像采集信息汇总
Table 1 Summary of image collections of the Nanhong agate
拍照地点 拍照时间 店铺 照片数量/张 样品总数/件 保山 2021年7月 保山南红文化艺术馆和兰花村部分店铺 452 1 040 凉山 2020年3月-6月 凉山南红玛瑙市场店铺 696 740 
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表 2 红色系南红玛瑙颜色数据正态分布拟合相关参数
Table 2 Relative parameters of colour data of red Nanhong agate after normal distribution fitting
市场名称 H/ (°) S/ % B / % 期望值μ 标准差σ Ra2 P值 期望值μ 标准差σ Ra2 P值 期望值μ 标准差σ Ra2 P值 南红玛瑙 10.36 3.65 0.99 P＜0.000 1 78.26 7.37 0.97 P＜0.000 1 59.17 8.26 1.00 P＜0.000 1 柿子红 11.59 3.07 0.96 P＜0.000 1 79.60 4.41 0.99 P＜0.000 1 56.35 8.25 0.98 P＜0.000 1 锦红 9.88 2.73 0.91 P＜0.000 1 77.51 4.27 0.84 0.006 2 46.16 5.81 0.71 P＜0.000 1 水红 11.61 1.39 0.98 P＜0.000 1 76.13 4.54 0.97 P＜0.000 1 70.76 2.13 0.93 P＜0.000 1 樱桃红 11.54 2.19 0.98 P＜0.000 1 83.58 4.79 0.99 P＜0.000 1 58.08 5.96 0.98 P＜0.000 1 玫瑰红 10.40 3.42 0.97 P＜0.000 1 71.88 11.25 0.95 P＜0.000 1 35.91 10.44 0.72 P＜0.000 1 冰红 8.77 3.39 0.91 P＜0.000 1 72.09 5.46 1.00 P＜0.000 1 62.45 6.43 0.96 P＜0.000 1 冰粉 5.05 2.82 0.94 P＜0.000 1 48.41 12.72 0.96 P＜0.000 1 59.00 5.05 0.99 P＜0.000 1 冰橘 20.95 4.44 0.85 P＜0.000 1 66.96 10.29 0.93 P＜0.000 1 72.58 4.17 0.94 P＜0.000 1
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表 3 红色系南红玛瑙不同品种颜色数据的分布区间
Table 3 The distribution range of red Nanhong agate colour data of different varieties
市场名称 H / (°) S / % B / % 总体分布 95%置信区间 总体分布 95%置信区间 总体分布 95%置信区间 南红玛瑙 [355.0, 0][0, 25.0] [3.20, 17.52] [25.0, 95.0] [63.82, 92.69] [20.0, 85.0] [42.97, 75.37] 柿子红 [357.5, 0]、[0, 20.0] [5.77, 17.62] [50.0, 100.0] [70.95, 88.25] [22.5, 77.5] [40.19, 72.51] 锦红 [2.5, 15.0] [4.53, 15.23] [57.5, 100.0] [69.14, 85.88] [25.0, 65.0] [34.77, 57.54] 水红 [2.5, 15.0] [8.88, 14.33] [50.0, 95.0] [67.22, 85.04] [62.5, 77.5] [66.59, 74.94] 樱桃红 [2.5, 25.0] [7.24, 15.84] [52.0, 97.5] [74.19, 92.98] [35.0, 82.5] [46.40, 69.77] 玫瑰红 [357.5, 0][0, 22.5] [3.69, 17.11] [45.0, 97.5] [49.84, 93.93] [17.5, 65.0] [15.44, 56.37] 冰红 [0, 25.0] [2.12, 15.42] [40.0, 95.0] [61.38, 82.79] [35.0, 87.5] [49.85, 75.06] 冰粉 [355.0, 0][0, 15.0] [359.52, 0][0, 10.57] [15.0, 80.0] [23.47, 73.34] [42.5, 75.0] [49.11, 68.89] 冰橘 [10.0, 25.0] [12.26, 29.65] [27.5, 87.5] [46.78, 87.13] [60.0, 85.0] [64.41, 80.74]
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表 4 红色系南红玛瑙颜色数据二阶聚类分析结果
Table 4 The results of twostep cluster analysis of red Nanhong agate colour data
分类类别 聚类中心 聚类质量 所占比例 分类临界值 色调(H) 1 5.85° 良好(0.6) 31.10% 8.39° 2 10.78° 47.80% 13.04° 3 15.03° 21.10% - 饱和度(S) 1 44.63% 良好(0.7) 9.7% 56.85% 2 69.06% 34.8% 75.74% 3 83.04% 55.5% - 明度(B) 1 42.28% 良好(0.6) 15.10% 49.41% 2 55.95% 46.30% 60.78% 3 66.83% 38.60% - 注：聚类质量利用凝聚与分离的轮廓测量值(表中括号内的值)进行评价，有“欠佳、尚可和良好”三种评价。计算公式：(B-A)/Max(A, B)，其中，A是个案与其聚类中心的距离，B是个案与其非所属最近聚类中心的距离。聚类质量数值最大值为1，越靠近1代表聚类质量越好，该值超过0.5则认为聚类质量良好
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表 6 色调类别及其表示方法
Table 6 Hue categories and representation methods
色调类别 肉观察特征 色调参考值H/(°) 代表性颜色S=B=100% 红(R) 样品主体颜色为红色 355≤H ≤ 360, 0≤ H≤ 8.39 
橙红(oR) 样品主体颜色为红色，稍带橙色调 8.39 < H ≤13.04 红橙(rO) 样品主体颜色为橙色，稍带红色调 13.04 < H ≤ 25.00°
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表 7 饱和度类别及其表示方法
Table 7 Saturation categories and representation methods
饱和度类别 肉观察特征 饱和度参考值S/% 代表性颜色B=100% 浓(S1) 颜色浓艳、饱满 S＞75.74 
中(S2) 颜色浓淡适中 56.85 < S ≤75.74 浅(S3) 颜色浅淡 S≤ 56.85
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表 8 明度类别及其表示方法
Table 8 Brightness categories and representation methods
明度类别 肉观察特征 明度参考值B/% 代表性颜色S= 100% 亮(B1) 样品颜色明亮，基本察觉不到灰度 B>60.78 
中(B2) 样品颜色稍暗，能察觉到一定灰度 60.78 < B ≤49.41 暗(B3) 样品颜色较暗，能察觉到灰度 B≤ 49.41
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表 9 不同颜色分类品种的观察特征及HSB参数范围
Table 9 Observation characteristics and HSB parameter ranges of different colour varieties
市场名称 观察特征 色相范围H/(°) 饱和度范围S/ % 明度范围B/ % 颜色分级 柿子红 红色，带有橙色调，颜色浓艳、饱满且分布均匀 [5.44，17.74] (75.74，100.00] [49.41，60.78] 色调：R/oR/rO
饱和度：S1
明度：B2锦红 正红色，几乎不含其它色调，颜色浓艳、饱满且分布均匀 [4.42，13.04] (75.74，100.00] (34.54，49.41) 色调：R/oR
饱和度：S1
明度：B3玫瑰红 红色，颜色较浓郁，明度较低，分布有时不均匀 [3.55，17.25] [49.39，75.74) [15.02，49.41) 色调：R/oR/rO
饱和度：S2
明度：B3水红 红色，带有橙色调，颜色较淡、明度较高且分布均匀 [8.82，13.04] (75.74，100.00] (60.78，100.00] 色调：R/oR
饱和度：S1
明度：B1冰红 红色，几乎不含其它色调，颜色较淡、明度较高且分布均匀 [1.98，15.55] [56.85，75.74] [49.59，73.72] 色调：R/oR/rO
饱和度：S2
明度：B1/B2冰粉 淡粉色，带灰色调，颜色浅淡，分布较均匀 [0，10.69] [0，56.85] [48.91，69.09] 色调：R/oR
饱和度：S3
明度：B1/B2冰橘 橙色，稍带红色或黄色调，颜色较淡，分布均匀 [13.04，25.00] [46.37，87.54] (60.78，100.00] 色调：rO
饱和度：S1/S2/S3
明度：B1
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