几件刻有铭文的蒙兀儿宝石及玉器之历史文化意蕴探究

The Historical and Cultural Connotations of Some Inscribed Mughal Jewels and Jades

  • 摘要: 活跃于十八世纪的清高宗爱新觉罗·弘历为清代宫廷艺术中最为多产且具创造性的艺术发起人之一,于其在位期间,玉石自西北疆域源源不断地输入,其中清代文献称为“痕都斯坦玉器”的玉雕作品也随之进入宫廷。十六世纪初中亚帖木儿王朝的后裔在北印度建立政权,史称蒙兀儿帝国(莫卧儿帝国)。而部分痕都斯坦玉器即是蒙兀儿帝国的玉雕作品。有鉴于艺术史前辈已发表不少以清宫视角探讨痕都斯坦玉器之研究,而较少以“蒙兀儿玉器”的角度论及此批玉器于其制作地的文化及历史面向,进而对玉雕风格及宫廷收藏的影响。因此本文拟将眼光移往其原产地—印度及中亚,着眼于当地的宝石与玉雕传统及其背后的历史及文化意涵,探究清宫痕都斯坦玉器之前身。除玉雕之外,当地的宝石加工也相当发达,不仅经常将宝石镶嵌于玉器上,特定建筑装饰技法也不时应用于玉器上。蒙兀儿人运用当地得天独厚的矿产资源,搭配贸易而来的异国宝玉石,创造了辉煌璀灿的宝石及玉器艺术,涵盖宫廷生活的方方面面。除当朝创作外,蒙兀儿君主也收藏先人遗物,这些刻有前人名款的宝石及玉器,具有多重的面向,不仅质地及做工难能可贵,更反映了当时的外交、军事、对内政治等情况。

     

    Abstract: Qinggaozong, active during the 18th century, is one of the most productive and creative patron of court art of the Qing Dynasty. During his reign, jade was continuously transported from the northwestern territory of China, including jade artifact called in the Qing Palace archive the "Hindustani jade". In the early 16th century, the descendants of Timur invaded North India and established a new regime historically known as the Mughal empire. A part of the Hindustani jade is the jade pieces from the Mughal empire. In lieu of putting those jades back in the cultural and historical context of their place of origin, and considering the styling and the act of imperial collecting influenced by that context, numerous researches are undertook from the perspective of the Qing court. This article will thus focus on the tradition of gem processing and jade carving as well as the connotation behind the objects in India and Centra Asia, thus the forerunner of the Hindustani jade. The local gem processing was, apart from the jade carving, quite prosperous in India, not only gemstone being inlayed in the jade artifact, certain architectural decoration technique was sometimes applied on the objects as well. The Mughals profited from the exceptionally rich mineral sources of India, accompanied with those precious stones acquired by international trade, created resplendent hardstone carving tradition which comprise every aspect of courtly life. In addition to contemporary creations, relics of ancestors were also collected by Mughal emperors. Those gems and jades engraved with inscription of forefathers have multiple facets, with excellent quality and workmanship, they also reflected contemporary diplomatic, military and domestic political situation.

     

/

返回文章
返回