华光异彩，美美与共——从辽代玉器所见的多元文化融通

吴沫

doi:10.15964/j.cnki.027jgg.2022.06.010

华光异彩，美美与共——从辽代玉器所见的多元文化融通

吴沫

广东省博物馆, 广东广州 510623

详细信息

作者简介:
吴沫(1978-)，广东省博物馆副研究馆员，主要从事杂项类文物研究。E-mail: wum@gdmuseum.com

中图分类号: K87;TS93
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- 文章访问数: 474
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-14
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-29

Shared Beauty with Diversified Cultures: Multicultural Integration Reflected by Jade Artifact of Liao Dynasty

WU Mo

Guangdong Museum, Guangzhou 510623, China

摘要

摘要:
辽代玉器相对于中国其他时代的玉器具有鲜明的特色和丰富的文化内涵。本文尝试结合文献和实例对辽代玉器的文化因素进行梳理和分析，结果发现辽代玉器融汇了多种文化元素于一体，包括中原汉文化、草原游牧文化、渔猎文化、佛教文化以及西方外国文化等，并由此博采众长，样式百出，别具一格，其创新的模式可为当代玉器的设计创新和中华传统玉文化的弘扬提供启示。
- 玉器 /
- 辽代 /
- 多元文化 /
- 融通
Abstract:
The jade artifacts of Liao Dynasty have distinctive characteristics and rich cultural connotation compared with those of the other times in China. This paper attempts to comb and analyze the cultural factors of jade artifacts in Liao Dynasty by combining literature and examples. It is found that jade artifacts in Liao Dynasty tend to integrate multiple culture factors, including Han culture in the Central Plains, nomadic culture on the grassland, fishing and hunting culture, Buddhist culture and western cultures, etc. From these, jade artifacts in Liao Dynasty can draw on the strengths of others to make an unique and variety of styles. Its innovative mode can provide inspiration for the design innovation of contemporary jade and the promotion of Chinese traditional jade culture.
- jade artifact /
- Liao Dynasty /
- multiculture /
- integration

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图 1 辽代玉带(单栏上下排)

(a)玉銙银带(陈国公主墓)^[7]; (b)双带箍双铊尾玉带(内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗辽墓)^[8]

Figure 1. Jade belts of Liao Dynasty

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图 2 十二生肖纹玉佩和十二生肖纹^[10]

(a)陈国公主墓出土的玉组佩; (b)玉佩上的十二生肖纹线图; (c)陈国公主墓志盖拓片

Figure 2. Jade pendants with patterns of the twelve Chinese zodiac signs and the twelve Chinese zodiac signs pattern

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图 3 陈国公主墓出土的玉文房用具^[13]

(a)玉砚; (b)玉水盂

Figure 3. Jade stationeries unearthed from the Princess Chen's tomb

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图 4 陈国公主墓出土的琥珀握手

(a)握于公主左手的系金链琥珀握手^[8]; (b)握于驸马左手的系金链琥珀握手^[10]

Figure 4. Amber grip artifacts unearthed from the Princess Chen's tomb

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图 5 游牧民族使用的蹀躞带

(a)系蹀躞带的西夏国进香者(壁画)^[19]; (b)陈国公主墓出土的玉蹀躞带^[10]; (c)锡盟苏尼特右旗出土的金狩猎纹蹀躞带^[20]

Figure 5. Diexie belts used by nomads

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图 6 辽墓中出土的玉马具饰

(a)驸马赠卫国王墓出土的玛瑙马具饰^[8]; (b)陈国公主墓出土的镶玉银蹀躞带和鞧带^[8]

Figure 6. Jade harness ornaments unearthed from the tombs of Liao Dynasty

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图 7 辽代遗址中出土的玉盒形佩和金盒形佩、金针筒

(a)陈国公主墓出土的玉鱼形盒佩^[8]; (b)陈国公主墓出土的玉螺形瓶佩^[10]; (c)巴彦尔灯苏木和布特哈达出土的菊花纹金盒^[20]; (d)陈国公主墓出土的錾花金针筒^[20]

Figure 7. Jade and gold box-shape pendants, and gold needle cylinder unearthed from the sites of Liao Dynasty

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图 8 步摇冠和头戴步摇冠的唐代宫女图

(a)辽宁北票县房身村2号前燕墓出土的金步摇^[26]; (b)陈国公主墓出土的琥珀珍珠金叶步摇冠^[10]; (c)唐懿德太子墓石椁线刻画戴步摇凤冠宫女图^[27]

Figure 8. Buyao crowns and a line drawing of a palace maiden of the Tang Dynasty with a Buyao crown

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图 9 陈国公主墓出土的游猎用具

(a)玉柄银锥^[32]; (b)琥珀柄银刀^[20]

Figure 9. Hunting tools unearthed from the Princess Chen's tomb

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图 10 辽墓中出土的臂鞲

(a)玉臂鞲(陈国公主墓)^[32]; (b)鎏金银鞲(辽宁彰武朝阳沟2号墓)^[26]

Figure 10. Armbands unearthed from the tombs of Liao Dynasty

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图 11 辽代遗址中出土的动植物形玉器

(a)朝阳北塔天宫出土的玉雁^[34]; (b)清河门4号辽墓出土的双鹅青玉小盒^[26]; (c)陈国公主墓出土的交颈鸿雁玉佩^[8]; (d)陈国公主墓出土的双鱼玉佩^[8]; (e)白音汉窖藏玉熊^[8]; (f)巴图营子辽墓莲花荷叶纹琥珀饰^[29]

Figure 11. Animal and plant-shape jade artifacts unearthed from sites of Liao Dynasty

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图 12 辽代佛塔遗址中出土的玉(水晶)容器

(a)红帽子村辽塔地宫出土的金链竹节形玉盒^[26]; (b)朝阳北塔天宫出土的金盖玛瑙舍利罐^[34]; (c)独乐寺塔出土的水晶罐^[35]

Figure 12. Jade (crystal) containers unearthed from the pagoda sites of Liao Dynasty

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图 13 辽代遗址中出土的玉飞天

(a)喀左北岭1号辽墓出土的飞天形玉耳饰^[26]; (b)解放营子辽墓出土的玉飞天^[8]; (c)朝阳北塔天宫出土的玉飞天^[34]

Figure 13. Jade Feitian unearthed from of the sites Liao Dynasty

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图 14 辽代遗址中出土的龙凤纹器

(a)陈国公主墓出土的龙凤纹玉盒形佩^[8]; (b)红帽子塔乡辽塔塔基地宫出土的龙纹玉杯^[26]; (c)朝阳北塔天宫出土的龙纹琥珀器^[34]; (d)张家营子辽墓出土的双龙戏珠纹鎏金银捍腰^[26]; (e)敖汉旗出土的双凤戏珠纹鎏金捍腰^[20]

Figure 14. Relics with dragon and phoenix patterns unearthed from the sites of Liao Dynasty

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图 15 辽墓出土的摩竭题材饰品

(a)叶茂台7号辽墓出土的摩竭形琥珀耳饰^[26]; (b)陈国公主墓出土的玉组佩^[8]; (c)耶律羽之墓出土的摩竭形玉耳饰^[20]; (d)叶茂台3号辽墓出土的抽象摩竭形耳饰^[43]; (e)陈国公主墓出土的摩竭舟形琥珀珍珠耳饰^[10]; (f)巴图营子辽墓出土的摩竭舟形金饰^[44]

Figure 15. Makara ornaments unearthed from the tombs of Liao Dynasty

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图 16 辽代契丹贵族墓葬出土的璎珞和串饰

(a)吐尔基山辽墓出土的水晶玛瑙金珠璎珞^[8]; (b)耶律羽之辽墓出土的饰金坠水晶玛瑙璎珞^[8]; (c)叶茂台7号辽墓出土的水晶琥珀璎珞^[26]; (d)陈国公主墓出土的琥珀璎珞^[10]; (e)叶茂台7号辽墓出土的玛瑙管与金丝球^[26]; (f)花根塔拉辽墓出土的包金水晶心形坠和包金水晶T形坠^[8]

Figure 16. Yingluo and string ornaments unearthed from the tombs of Khitan nobles of Liao Dynasty

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图 17 陈国公主墓出土的具有西方文化元素的器物

(a)胡人驯狮琥珀佩饰^[10]; (b)多曲椭圆水晶杯^[19]

Figure 17. The artifacts with western cultural elements unearthed from the Princess Chen's tomb

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图 18 汉唐时期具有西方文化元素的项饰

(a)广州东汉前期墓葬出土的珠饰^[46]; (b)唐代李静训墓出土的金玉项链^[47]

Figure 18. Necklaces with western cultural elements of Han and Tang dynasties

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华光异彩，美美与共——从辽代玉器所见的多元文化融通

作者简介: 吴沫(1978-)，广东省博物馆副研究馆员，主要从事杂项类文物研究。E-mail: wum@gdmuseum.com

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Shared Beauty with Diversified Cultures: Multicultural Integration Reflected by Jade Artifact of Liao Dynasty

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作者简介:
吴沫(1978-)，广东省博物馆副研究馆员，主要从事杂项类文物研究。E-mail: wum@gdmuseum.com