A Preliminary Study on the Gemmological Characteristic and Formation of "Longxi Yu" in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province
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摘要: 四川汶川“龙溪玉”被认为是我国著名“三星堆遗址”“金沙遗址”古玉器玉料的可能来源。采用宝石学常规测试、傅里叶变换红外光谱、拉曼光谱、X射线荧光光谱等分析测试方法，对汶川产出典型“龙溪玉”样品的谱学特征及化学成分进行了测试，获得以下认识：(1)“龙溪玉”的折射率为1.61（点测），相对密度为2.95~2.99；“龙溪玉”可分为A和B两种不同的类型，A型黄绿色、质地纯、油脂光泽，以毛毡状交织结构为主，层理构造明显，质优者透闪石含量可达98%以上；B型以灰白夹杂灰黑色为主，质地较粗，丝绢-玻璃光泽，纤维状交织和叶片状定向结构为主，透闪石含量在70%~90%，含碳酸盐矿物等次要矿物，两类均属透闪石质玉；(2)“龙溪玉”样品的红外光谱、拉曼光谱与标准透闪石光谱特征峰一致，存在特殊的微量辉钼矿、钼铅矿等矿物包裹体，但B型料红外吸收光谱存在额外的1 446 cm-1吸收峰，表明样品含较多碳酸盐矿物；(3)化学成分特征显示，“龙溪玉”样品中Na2O的含量与中酸性岩浆岩和镁质大理岩/白云质灰岩接触交代形成的透闪石玉类似，成玉过程有明显的热液参与，其中，B型料CaO含量、烧失量明显偏高，具有R型玉的特点；而A型玉料矿物组成单一、结构细腻，类似于P型玉。根据和国内其它产地闪石玉的化学成分特征的比较，初步认为高MnO和高P2O5可能是“龙溪玉”重要的主量元素产地标型特征之一。上述结果可为古玉溯源研究提供重要的参考。Abstract: The "Longxi Yu" in Sichuan Province is considered to be the possible source of the ancient jade materials of the famous "Sanxingdui site" and "Jinsha site" in China.In this paper, the spectral characteristics and chemical compositions of typical "Longxi Yu" produced in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province were tested by conventional gemmological tests, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, etc.The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The refractive index of the samples is 1.61(point measurement) and the relative density is 2.95-2.99, which is consistent with nephrite. Two kinds of "Longxi Yu" with high and low quality can be identified as type A and type B. The type A samples are with yellowish green colour, grease luster, pure in quality with fine texture, and the content of tremolite can reach 98%. The type B samples are gray-white mixed with gray-black in colour and mainly composed of tremolite (70%-90%) with a small amount of carbonate and other minor minerals. The type B samples are mainly coarse texture, silk-glass luster, fibrous interleaving and leaf-oriented structure, with obvious bedding structure. Both types of samples are classified as nephrite.(2)The infrared spectra and Raman spectra of "Longxi Yu" samples are consistent with standard tremolite spectrum. And trace minerals such as molybdenite and molybdenite are first reported. The infrared spectra of type B samples show a spectrum peak of 1 446 cm-1, which is attributed to carbonate. (3)The chemical content of Na2O of "Longxi Yu" is similar to that of nephrite formed by contact metasomatism between intermediate-felsic rocks and magnesia marble / dolomitic limestone, in which there is obvious hydrothermal participation in the forming process of "Longxi Yu". However, the contents of CaO and loss on ignition (LOI) of the type B samples are obviously higher than that of general nephrite, which can be determined as replacement forming nephrite(R-type nephrite). Meanwhile, type A samples have a simple mineral component and fine structure, which is similar to precipitation forming nephrite (P-type nephrite).According to the comparison of chemical composition characteristics between "Longxi Yu" and nephrite from other producing areas in China, it is suggested that the distinctive combination of high contents of MnO and P2O5 may be one of the important origin typomorphic characteristics of "Longxi Yu". The above results can provide an important reference for the traceability study of ancient jade.
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图 1 危地马拉绿色翡翠(“玛雅绿”)代表性样品Figure 1. Representative Feicui samples from Guatemala ("Maya green")![]()
图 2 代表性翡翠样品的红外反射光谱Figure 2. Infrared reflection spectra of representative green Feicui samples -
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图 2 “龙溪玉”样品的显微照片：a-c.A型样品；d-f.B型样品
Tr-透闪石；Cbn-碳酸盐矿物；Mol-辉钼矿；Wul-钼铅矿
Figure 2. Micrographs of "Longxi Yu" samples: a-c.Type A; d-f.Type B
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图 4 “龙溪玉”样品中主要矿物(a)及次要矿物(b)的拉曼光谱(已扣除荧光背景)
Figure 4. Raman spectra of main mineral (a) and minor minerals (b) of "Longxi Yu" samples (Fluorescence background subtracted)
表 1 龙溪玉样品的常规宝石学特征
Table 1 Conventional gemmological characteristics of "Longxi Yu" samples
种类(样品数/件) 颜色 透明度 光泽 折射率(点测) 平均相对密度 品质好A型玉料(3) 绿色-青绿色 半透明 油脂光泽为主 1.61 2.99 品质差B型料(3) 灰白色-浅青灰色 微透明 丝绢光泽-蜡状光泽 1.61 2.95 
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表 2 龙溪玉样品的全岩主量成分分析
Table 2 Bulk-rock major chemical compositions of "Longxi Yu" samples
wB/% 样品号 类型 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 T(Fe2O3) MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 Cr2O3 LOI total LX-1A A型 57.25 0.01 1.02 1.00 0.34 24.2 13.75 0.26 0.02 0.25 0.01 2.04 100.16 LX-2A A型 57.43 0.01 1.05 0.82 0.33 24.3 13.90 0.25 0.02 0.29 0.01 1.91 100.33 LX-3A A型 56.66 0.01 1.00 0.95 0.35 24.2 14.05 0.26 0.03 0.27 0.01 2.49 100.29 LX-1B B型 54.18 0.01 0.91 0.63 0.36 23.9 15.05 0.23 0.02 0.52 0.01 4.35 100.18 LX-2B B型 51.53 0.01 0.83 0.45 0.39 23.8 15.80 0.22 0.02 0.43 0.01 5.89 99.40 LX-3B B型 52.22 0.01 0.77 0.60 0.39 24.0 15.55 0.22 0.02 0.41 0.01 5.62 99.84
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