田黄的地质成因与外观特征——中华石帝之辨：“田”与“黄”

刘子琪; 华雯娴; 周征宇

doi:10.15964/j.cnki.027jgg.2022.02.003

田黄的地质成因与外观特征——中华石帝之辨：“田”与“黄”

刘子琪¹,
华雯娴²,
周征宇^{1, 3, 4, ,}

1.
同济大学海洋与地球科学学院，上海 200092
2.
上海竣豪职业技能培训中心，上海 200050
3.
同济大学宝石及工艺材料实验室，上海 200092
4.
上海宝石及材料工艺工程技术研究中心，上海 200092

详细信息

作者简介:
刘子琪(1999-)，女，硕士研究生，海洋地质学(宝石学方向)专业，主要从事宝石学、矿物学及谱学等方面的研究工作

通讯作者:
周征宇(1978-)，男，副教授，主要从事宝玉石鉴定及宝玉石矿床学等方面的研究工作。E-mail: adamszzyu@126.com

中图分类号: TS93
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-25
- 刊出日期: 2022-02-28

Geological Origin and Appearance Characteristics of Tianhuang: The Formation and Interpretation of Chinese "Stone Emperor"

LIU Ziqi¹,
HUA Wenxian²,
ZHOU Zhengyu^{1, 3, 4, ,}

1.
Ocean and Earth Science School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2.
Shanghai Junhao Vocational Skills Training Center, Shanghai 200050, China
3.
Laboratory of Gem and Technological Materials, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
4.
Shanghai Engineering & Technology Research Center of Gem and Materials Technology, Shanghai 200092, China

摘要

摘要: 通过解析田黄的生成环境及形成过程，对被誉为“石帝”的田黄的产出地、外貌表征及主要品种等开展研究和讨论，深入辨读“田”与“黄”背后的地质涵义，指出田黄“田”与“黄”是寿山石原生矿经流水的搬运作用后埋藏在山坡及山脚土壤层及砂砾层，并在富Fe的次生环境中浸染、充填致色的过程。寿山田黄经历的搬运过程不长，外表多呈棱角状、次圆状，具典型的“皮”、“红格”和“萝卜纹”特征，内部颜色通常不均一，由皮到肉，呈现颜色逐渐变浅的规律，且在微裂隙、杂质矿物及结构松散部位有颜色的集中分布，是寿山田黄鉴别的典型特征，而“乌鸦皮”、“银裹金”等非黄色田黄石皮的形成与其埋藏环境的土壤有关。
- 田黄 /
- 次生矿 /
- 风化作用 /
- 外观特征 /
- 品种分类
Abstract: By analyzing the formation environment and process of Tianhuang, this paper studied and discussed the origin, appearance characteristics and main varieties of Tianhuang, which is known as the "stone emperor" in China and distinguished the geological meaning behind "Tian" and "Huang" in depth. It indicated that the word "Tian" and "Huang" refers to the process that the primary Shoushan stone ore transported by flowing water and is buried in the soil layer and gravel layer at the hillside and foot of the mountain and disseminated, filled and coloured in the Fe rich secondary environment. The transportation process of Tianhuang from Shoushan area is not long, and its appearance is mostly angular and sub circular, with typical characteristics including rough stone crust, fracture and radish fiber like veins. The internal colour is usually uneven, showing the pattern of gradual lightening from external to internal, and there is a concentrated distribution of colour in micro fractures, impurity minerals and loose structure, which is a typical identification feature of Tianhuang from Shoushan area. The formation of the other yellow crusts of Tianhuang are related to the buried soil environment.
- Tianhuang /
- secondary deposit /
- weathering effect /
- appearance characteristic /
- assortment

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图 1 田黄石雕—瑞狮纸镇(9.5 cm，200 g，明十七世纪)^[1]

注：香港苏富比2006年秋拍成交价3 932万港元

Figure 1. Tianhuang carving Ruishi paperweight (9.5 cm, 200 g, Ming Dynasty, 17th century)

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图 2 农田保护及矿产资源保护

Figure 2. Farmland protection and mineral resources protection

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图 3 寿山溪田黄采区(摄于2017年8月7日)

a.寿山溪及两侧田地的田黄挖掘区；b.田黄挖掘地残留采坑

Figure 3. Tianhuang mining area in Shoushan Creek

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图 4 坑头坂-上坂(a)和田黄原石(b, c)

a.缺乏常年性流水; b.次棱角状荣宝斋“田黄王”^[3]; c.次棱角状乌鸦皮田黄(图片提供：田黄阁)

Figure 4. Kengtouban-Shangban region (a) and rough Tianhuang (b, c)

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图 5 次圆状田黄原石(图片提供：田黄阁)

Figure 5. Sub-round shape rough Tianhuang

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图 6 具原生色的寿山石，貌似田黄而非“田黄”(图片提供：姚春茂)

a.银包金善伯冻石; b.寿山黄荔枝冻

Figure 6. Shoushan stones with primary colour that look like Tianhuang but not Tianhuang

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图 7 Shoushan Creek

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图 8 溪流附近的土壤层

Figure 8. Soil layer near the creek

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图 9 董沧门刻恭亲王龙凤田黄对章^[9]

注：剖面上可见颜色自外而内呈现黄褐-黄色的渐变

Figure 9. Prince Gong Longfeng Tianhuang seals by Dong Cangmen

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图 10 红田

注：黑褐色等深色风化色多位于微缺陷处

Figure 10. Red Tianhuang

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图 11 寿山三色高山山坑石(图片提供：乾宝轩)

Figure 11. Shoushan stone from Gaoshan mountain pit with three colours

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图 12 乌鸦皮红田^[10]

Figure 12. "Crow skin" red Tianhuang

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图 13 白色砂砾层(图片提供：郑恕)

Figure 13. White gravel layer

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图 14 黑色污泥层(图片提供：郑恕)

Figure 14. Black sludge layer

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图 15 乌鸦皮田黄(图片提供：郑恕)

Figure 15. "Crow skin" Tianhuang

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图 16 银裹金田黄(图片提供：郑恕)

Figure 16. "Silver wrapped golden" Tianhuang

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图 17 黄-黑双层石皮田黄^[10]

Figure 17. Tianhuang with yellow-black double-layer crust

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图 18 黑—白双层石皮田黄^[10]

Figure 18. Tianhuang with black-white double-layer crust

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