Fluorescence Spectral Characteristic of Amber from Baltic Sea Region, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Myanmar and China
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摘要: 为全面地探究波罗的海、多米尼加共和国、墨西哥、缅甸和辽宁抚顺琥珀的荧光特征, 本文采集了来自5个产地的常见的黄色调琥珀品种的三维荧光光谱, 并对比分析荧光特征。结果发现：(1)波罗的海琥珀在350 nm光源激发时, 发射出最强的435 nm附近的荧光峰; (2)多米尼加琥珀发射出一组以445、474 nm和508 nm为中心的特征荧光峰, 在440 nm光源激发时最强, 415 nm激发次之; (3)墨西哥琥珀荧光特征规律性较弱, 通常最强荧光峰在420~465 nm的蓝紫区内变化; (4)缅甸琥珀的最强荧光峰位于426 nm附近, 其对应的最佳激发波长为375 nm。同时, 缅甸琥珀在紫外光区出现了一组以334、347 nm为中心的弱发射峰, 其最佳激发波长均为295 nm; (5)抚顺琥珀与缅甸琥珀发光行为相似, 不同的是其最强发射峰以414 nm为中心, 被365 nm光源最佳激发。在紫外光区的两弱荧光峰分别以360、399 nm为中心, 最佳激发波长均为290 nm; (6)同在375 nm激发光源下, 各产地琥珀的最强发光峰呈波罗的海>多米尼加共和国>墨西哥>抚顺≈缅甸的大小关系。Abstract: In this study, we collected and characterized the amber fluorescent behaviors by obtaining the general amber varieties 3D-fluorescence spectra from five localities including Baltic Sea region, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Myanmar and Fushun, China. These spectral features show that amber from Baltic Sea region has the strongest emission peak with the center near 435 nm in blue region, which is best excited by 350 nm light. Dominican amber emit three typical narrow peaks at 445、474 nm and 508 nm. They are optimally excited by 440 nm light, closcly followed by, 415 nm light. The strongest fluorescence center of Mexican amber is unfixed but nomally between 420~465 nm range. Burmese and Fushun amber behave similarly. Their luminescence centers appear in visible and ultraviolet region. Burmese amber has a strong 426 nm emission band excited by 375 nm light, while Fushun amber has the strongest emission peak with the center near 414 nm and is best excited by 365 nm light. In ultraviolet region, Burmese amber occur two weak emission peaks near 334 nm and 347 nm by 295 nm light excitation. Fushun amber also have two weak centers, but these weak centers are near 360 nm and 399 nm and are excited by 290 nm light. On the other hand, when all samples were excited by 375 nm light, the wavelength of their strongest emission peaks shows the following order: Baltic Sea region > Dominican Republic > Mexico > Myanmar ≈ Fushun, China.
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Keywords:
- amber /
- fluorescence spectrum /
- luminescence center
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图 1 不同产地的琥珀样品
注：波罗的海琥珀样品B1-B5；多米尼加琥珀样品D1-D5；墨西哥琥珀样品MO1-MO5；缅甸琥珀样品M1-M5；抚顺琥珀样品F1-F5
Figure 1. Images of amber samples from different origins
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图 2 多米尼加共和国琥珀样品(a)、墨西哥琥珀样品(b)、缅甸琥珀样品(c)和中国抚顺琥珀样品(d)中不同形态包裹体
Figure 2. Images of inclusions in amber samples from Dominican Republic(a), Mexico(b), Myanmar(c) and Fushun, China(d)
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图 3 不同产地琥珀原石样品在长波紫外灯下的荧光特征
Figure 3. Fluorescence characteristics of amber fragments from different origins under long wave ultraviolet light
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图 4 琥珀样品的三维荧光光谱等高线图
注：波罗的海琥珀样品B1-B5；多米尼加琥珀样品D1-D5；墨西哥琥珀样品MO1-MO5；缅甸琥珀样品M1-M5；中国抚顺琥珀样品F1-F5
Figure 4. 3D fluorescent patterns of amber samples from different origins
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图 5 波罗的海琥珀样品B1的体色(a)、荧光(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 5. Baltic Sea amber sample B1 displays a yellow body colour (a), a yellowish white fluorescence colour (b), a wide emission hill (c), and a wide emission band at the center of 435 nm with a longer-wavelength shoulder (d)
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图 6 多米尼加琥珀样品D1的体色(a)、荧光(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 6. Dominican amber sample D1 shows a pale yellow body colour (a), a blue fluorescence colour (b), several emission hills (c), and three typical strong emission centers at 445, 474 nm and 508 nm with a weak emission center at 427 nm (d)
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图 7 只有一个发光峰的墨西哥琥珀样品MO1的体色(a)、荧光(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 7. Mexican amber sample MO1 shows a colourless body colour(a), a blue fluorescence colour(b), one single emission hill (c), and a emission center at 439 nm under 370 nm optimal excitation source(d)
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图 8 有两个发光峰位的墨西哥琥珀样品MO4的体色图(a)、荧光图(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 8. Mexican amber sample MO4 showsa yellow body colour (a), a blue fluorescence colour(b), two emission centers(c), one emission censter at 438 nm under 375nm light source, another emission center at 461 nm under 400 nm light source(d)
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图 9 缅甸琥珀样品M2的体色(a)、荧光(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 9. Amber sample M2 from Myanman presents a yellow body colour (a), a bluish purple fluorescence colour(b), extremely complex emission hills(c), and emission range towards to blue-purple ultraviolet region (d)
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图 10 中国抚顺琥珀样品F3的体色(a)、荧光(b)、三维立体荧光光谱(c)和典型的发射与激发光谱(d)
Figure 10. Fushun amber sample F3 shows a brownish yellow body colour(a), a bluish purple fluorescence colour (b), extremely complex emission hills (c), and emission range towards to blue-purple ultraviolet region (d)
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图 11 手持长波紫外灯的相对光谱功率分布
Figure 11. The relative spectral power distribution of hand-holding long-wave light source (365 nm)
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图 12 不同产地琥珀在375 nm激发光下的荧光光谱特征
Figure 12. Fluorescence spectral characteristics of amber samples from different origins excited by 375 nm light
表 1 不同产地琥珀样品的基本宝石学特征
Table 1 Conventional gemmological characteristics of amber samples from different origins
产地 样品号 外观特征 紫外荧光特征 密度/g·cm-3 波罗的海 B1 不透明, 黄色 长波下中等黄白荧光, 氧化皮部分弱荧光 1.073 B2 不透明, 黄色 1.066 B3 透明, 黄色 1.072 B4 半透明, 黄色 1.072 B5 透明, 黄色, 外部有红褐色氧化皮 长波下中等黄白荧光, 短波下弱黄白荧光 1.086 多米尼加共和国 D1 透明, 浅黄色 长波下强蓝色荧光, 短波下弱蓝色荧光 1.064 D2 透明, 浅黄色 1.070 D3 透明, 浅黄色 1.131 (表面有围岩, 所以密度偏大) D4 透明, 浅黄色 1.040 D5 透明, 浅黄色 1.025 墨西哥 MO1 透明, 浅黄色 长波下强蓝色荧光, 短波下弱蓝色荧光 1.045 MO2 透明, 黄色 1.043 MO3 透明, 浅黄色 1.048 MO4 透明, 黄色 1.035 MO5 透明, 浅黄色 1.048 缅甸 M1 半透明, 褐黄色 长波下强蓝紫色荧光, 短波下弱蓝紫色荧光 1.027 M2 半透明, 褐黄色 1.029 M3 半透明, 褐黄色 1.035 M4 透明, 黄色与褐黄色 1.035 M5 透明, 黄色 1.024 抚顺 F1 透明, 黄色 长波下强蓝紫色荧光, 短波下弱蓝紫色荧光 1.121 (有黑色的围岩, 密度偏大) F2 透明, 棕黄色 1.034 F3 透明, 棕黄色 1.018 F4 透明, 黄色 1.031 F5 透明, 黄色 1.037 
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表 2 各产地琥珀样品的特征荧光峰及对应的最佳激发波长
Table 2 Typical fluorescence peaks and the corresponding best excitation light sources of amber samples from different origins
琥珀产地 特征荧光峰/nm 最佳激发波长/nm 波罗的海 435 350 465 375 多米尼加共和国 445、474、508 440或415 427 355 墨西哥 420~465 370附近 缅甸 426 375 409 360 383 325 334, 347 295 中国抚顺 435 400 414 365 360, 399 290
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